The petroleum refining industry converts crude oil into more than 2500 refined. It can be released from sewage sludge, liquid manure, and sulfur hot springs, and with natural gas. Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula h 2 s. Petroleum refinery background approximately 90% of the petroleum products produced in the united states are fuelsin the united states are fuels motor vehicle gasoline accounts for about 40% of the total output from refineries located near crude oil sources or in heavily industrialized areas. Small amounts of hydrogen sulfide occur in crude petroleum, but natural gas can contain up to 90%. Additional characteristics are provided in appendix i in this program.
You can smell hydrogen sulfide gas at lower levels than may cause health effects, so smelling the gas does not always mean that it will make you sick. Consultation document hydrogen sulphide h2s in petroleum crude oil dec 9 th 2016 to feb. In a heating and cooling cycle, hydrogen sulfide recovered from fossil products is combusted to form water and elemental sulfur. Sour water stripper uses steam to remove hydrogen sulfide gas from various wastewater streams for subsequent conversion into endproduct sulfur in the claus unit. Hydrogen sulfide is a naturally occurring component of crude oil and natural gas. In addition, hydrogen sulfide is produced by bacterial breakdown of organic materials and human and animal wastes e. This course is focused for process simulation at the end of the course you. Hydrogen sulfide emission sources, regulations, and removal techniques. Hydrogen sulfide is recovered from natural gas and is a byproduct of ore refineries.
Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas and has a strong odor of rotten eggs hsdb, 1998. Crude oil refining is a complex sequence of chemical and physical changes that result. This course is focused for process simulation at the end of the course you will feel confident in the petroleum refining industry. Petroleum refining and environmental control and environmental. Hydrogen sulfide is often produced from the microbial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen gas, such as in swamps and sewers. The recommended airborne exposure limit rel is 10 ppm, which should not be exceeded during any 10minute work period. Addressing air emissions from theaddressing air emissions. Workplace exposure limits the following exposure limits are for hydrogen sulfide. Petroleum refinery engineering petroleum is a combustible oily liquid of reddish brown to almost black colour, produced from oilwells. Pdf hydrogen sulfide emission sources, regulations, and. Downstream petroleum involves transport, refining, petrochemical manufacturing, marketing, and sales.
Hydrogen sulfide gas is also known as sewer gas because it is often produced by the breakdown of waste material. Industrial sources of hydrogen sulfide include petroleum and natural gas extraction and refining, pulp and paper manufacturing, rayon textile production, chemical manufacturing and waste disposal. Most hydrogen sulfide in the air comes from natural sources from bacterial decomposition of plant and animal materials, and from geothermic sources such as volcanoes, hot springs, and underwater thermal events. Hydrogen replaces sulfur on the organic molecule, while hydrogen sulfide h2s is formed as shown in the reaction below for an organic sulfide molecule. Small amounts of hydrogen sulfide occur in crude petroleum, but natural gas can contain up to 30%. This book covers current refinery processes and processtypes that are likely to come onstream during the next three to five decades. Its composition was recognized by berthollet 1798, who gave it its present name. Some bacteria change calcium sulfate, the major component of wallboard, into hydrogen sulfide. It is formed when removing sulfur compounds from petroleum products. Petroleum oil and natural gas are the products of thermal conversion of decayed organic matter called kerogen that is trapped in sedimentary rocks.
It is also prepared by acidification of sodium sulfide. Refinery gas sweetening is the process used to remove the so called acid. Upstream petroleum involves exploration, drilling, and production. Amine gas treater, claus unit, and tail gas treatment for converting hydrogen sulfide gas from the hydrotreaters into endproduct elemental sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide is a common byproduct of petroleum extraction and refining, as well as a potential hazard from the breakdown of organic materials hence, its common name, sewer gas. It is commonly known as hydrosulfuric acid, stink damp and sewer gas. It is then either converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid. The complete book on distillation and refining of petroleum products lubricants, waxes and petrochemicals author. Uses steam to remove hydrogen sulfide gas from various wastewater streams for subsequent conversion into endproduct sulfur in the. Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide separated from acid gas, with amine of some other procedures are taken to the plant, where the oxidation of h 2 s to elementar sulfur is carried out, while carbon dioxide is usually discharged into the atmospere. A solution of hydrogen sulfide in water, known as sulfhydric acid or hydrosulfuric acid, 4 is initially clear but over time turns cloudy.
Hydrogen sulfide is colorless, flammable gas under normal conditions. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum. Sulfur hydrogen sulfide gasoline automotive gas oil naphtha cuts lightheavy kerosene diesel gasoil lubricants vacuum residues asphalt coke note. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss refinery gas c1 c4 161 1. Simultaneous determination of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans in petroleum products by potentiometric titration with silver nitrate using the agtitrode. Adherence to the requirements of this method will enhance the. Hydrogen sulfide can also result from industrial activities, such as food processing, coke ovens, kraft paper mills, tanneries, and petroleum refineries.
Download book pdf handbook of petroleum processing pp 417446 cite as. Production and processing of sour crude and natural gas core. Hydrogen sulfide sulphide, h 2 s, petroleum, inhalation, toxicity, industrial accident case series presentation workmen engaged in repair work at an oil refinery in sri lanka were accidentally exposed to toxic fumes following a leak in a pipeline in midnovember 2012. It discusses the material selection criteria for a number of ferrous and nonferrous alloys used in petroleum refining and petrochemical applications. Hydrogen sulfide academic dictionaries and encyclopedias.
Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s 7783064 8 mgm3740 mgm3, 6 ppm520 ppm. National organic standards board livestock subcommittee. Two most important procedures are claus and chelating process. Amine gas treating, claus unit, and tail gas treatment for converting hydrogen sulfide gas from the hydrotreaters into product elemental sulfur. Hydrogen sulphide inhalational toxicity at a petroleum. Hydrogen sulfide is produced naturally from decaying organic matter. Pdf sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by. Hydrogen to carbon ratios affects the physical properties of crude oil. Meyers, handbook of petroleum refining process, mcgrawhill.
The monitoring of hydrogen for nitrogen purity in other related applications such as lift gas for fluidized catalytic reactions and surge hopper vents also has similar importance to the refinery. Highsulfur kerogens release hydrogen sulfide during decomposition, and this h2s stays trapped in the oil and. Pdf sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by chemical. The petroleum industry is divided into two sectors. Hydrogen sulfide is soluble in certain polar organic solvents, notably methanol, acetone, propylene carbonate, sulfolane, tributyl phosphate, various glycols, and glycol ethers hsdb, 1998. Epa office of general enforcement, petroleum refinery enforcement manual, 1980. The increased use of purchased hydrogen has implications for the refining industrys use of natural gas as a feedstock. Hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans in petroleum products. The gas can be dispersed by wind movement or air currents. National oil companies are owned by the federal government of a country. F, presulfiding of catalysts occurs in an atmosphere of hydrogen sulfide. It is a colorless chalcogen hydride gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.
In petroleum refineries, the hydrogen sulfide gas is then subsequently converted into byproduct elemental sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide from petroleum refining and fossil fuels is converted to pure sulfur by the claus process. F, oxygen is tipped from atmosphere with inert gas and catalysts are dehydrated. Note that 2 moles of hydrogen are required to remove one mole of sulfur in this instance.
Hydrogen sulfide is a flammable, colorless gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. A petroleum refining study starts with describing its feedstock, the crude oil and the range. Sector notebook project petroleum refining epa310r950 epa office of compliance sector notebook project profile of the petroleum refining industry september 1995 office of compliance office of enforcement and compliance assurance u. Addressing air emissions from theaddressing air emissions from the petroleum refinery sector. Pdf oxidation of sulfide removal from petroleum refinery. Reactor temperature reactor pressure space velocity nitrogen content hydrogen sulfide recycle gas rate hydrogen purity. Department of petroleum engineering and applied geophysics.
Sulfur is removed from petroleum products in the petroleum refining process and is a byproduct of paper pulping. Hydrogen sulfide gas also can result from industrial activities, such as food processing, coke ovens, kraft paper mills, tanneries and petroleum refineries. Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s is an extremely hazardous, toxic, and flammable gaseous compound recognized for its rotten egg smell at very low concentrations. Corrosion problems and solutions in oil refining and. Jan 24, 2019 sulfur hydrogen sulfide gasoline automotive gas oil naphtha cuts lightheavy kerosene diesel gasoil lubricants vacuum residues asphalt coke note. At low levels, hydrogen sulfide gas has a strong odor similar to rotten eggs. Introduction, products, refinerys configurations, hydrogen technologies faculty of chemical engineering and technology university of zagreb ante jukic zavod za tehnologiju nafte i petrokemiju hr0 zagreb, savska cesta 16, p. Air monitoring applications petrochemical hydrogen sulfide. It is heavier than air and therefore accumulates at the bottom of poorly ventilated areas.
Petroleum refining technology and economics, marcel dekker, inc. Most hydrogen sulfide in the air comes from natural sources from bacterial decomposition of plant and animal materials, and from. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products james g. Other forms of organic sulfur require more or less hydrogen to treat. Pdf modeling of hydrogen sulfide removal from petroleum. Industrial activities that can produce the gas include petroleum natural gas drilling and refining, wastewater treatment, coke ovens, tanneries, and kraft paper mills. In fact, the vast majority of the 68,000,000 metric tons of sulfur produced worldwide in 2010 was byproduct sulfur from. Industrial activities that can produce the gas include petroleumnatural gas drilling and refining, wastewater treatment, coke ovens, tanneries, and kraft paper mills. The large majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur produced worldwide in 2005 was byproduct sulfur from petroleum refining and.
Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss refinery gas c1 c4 161 1 259 31 liquefied petroleum gas c3 c4 42 1 44 31 naphtha c5 c17 36 302 97 575 gasoline c4 c12 1 216 31 421. The claus process is used to produce the majority of sulfur available today. It is a byproduct of many industrial processes including petroleum refining, tanning, mining, woodpulp processing, rayon manufacturing, sugarbeet processing, and hotasphalt paving. Hydrogen sulfide is found naturally in underground petroleum reserves.
Hydrogen sulfidesulphide, h 2 s, petroleum, inhalation, toxicity, industrial accident case series presentation workmen engaged in repair work at an oil refinery in sri lanka were accidentally exposed to toxic fumes following a leak in a pipeline in midnovember 2012. Hydrogen sulfide is slightly soluble in water and acts as a weak acid, giving the hydrosulfide ion hs. It is commonly known as hydrosulfuric acid, sewer gas, and stink damp. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and their derivatives containing oxygen, sulphur,nitrogen and minor quantities of some other materials. Hydrogen sulfide is not produced for commercial sale. Hydrogen sulfide burns with a blue flame to form sulfur dioxide which is also a toxic gas. Release inventory data book, reported releases dropped by 42. It is also used or is a byproduct in many industrial processes such as. Pdf on mar 5, 2020, m c mamat and others published oxidation of sulfide removal from petroleum refinery wastewater by using hydrogen peroxide find, read and cite all the research you need on.
Pdf the scavenging of hydrogen sulfide is the preferred method for minimizing the corrosion and operational risks in oil. Hydrogen sulfide total petroleum hydrocarbon oily sludge fugitive emission waste management plan. Safety and health topics hydrogen sulfide hydrogen. Hydrogen for refineries is increasingly provided by. Petrochemicals feed stock like ethylene and propylene can also be produced directly by cracking crude oil without the need. Many workers are at risk for exposure to hydrogen sulfide, especially when working in confined spaces.
In addition, small amounts of organic compounds containing sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and. Volcanoes and some hot springs as well as cold springs emit some h 2 s, where it probably arises via the hydrolysis of sulfide minerals, i. Simultaneous determination of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans in petroleum products by potentiometric titration with. Hydrogen sulfide h2s is a naturally occurring gas contained in. The large majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur produced worldwide in 2005 was byproduct sulfur from petroleum refining and natural gas processing plants. The article considers hydrogen attack, corrosion fatigue, and liquid metal embrittlement and the methods of combating them. Role of hydrogen in removing sulfure liquid fuels praxair. This method is applicable for the determination of the h 2 s content of fuel gas streams at petroleum refineries. Draft 2 abstract hydrogen sulfide h 2s can be a significant component of oil and gas upstream production, where h2s can be naturally generated in situ from reservoir biomass and from sulfate containing minerals through microbial sulfate reduction msr andor thermochemical sulfate reduction tsr. F, hydrogen h 2 is introduced with feedstock and presulfiding agent. Sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by chemical precipitation article pdf available in journal of hazardous materials 15312. Hydrogen sulfide may be emitted or released during exploration, development, extraction, treatment and storage, transportation and refining of petroleum products usepa 1993. The compounds that make up crude oil range from the smallest and simplest hydrocarbon molecule ch4 methane to large, complex. It describes low and hightemperature corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, and cracking such as stresscorrosion, sulfide stress, and stressoriented hydrogen induced cracking.
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